预防甲型h1n1流感英文简介我们上课要用 内容就是怎样预防甲型H1N1 比如多做运动 之类的建议 英文的 下午要用 ..

预防甲型h1n1流感英文简介我们上课要用 内容就是怎样预防甲型H1N1 比如多做运动 之类的建议 英文的 下午要用 ..
预防甲型h1n1流感英文简介
我们上课要用 内容就是怎样预防甲型H1N1 比如多做运动 之类的建议 英文的 下午要用 ..

预防甲型h1n1流感英文简介我们上课要用 内容就是怎样预防甲型H1N1 比如多做运动 之类的建议 英文的 下午要用 ..
Swine flu has yet to escalate into a global pandemic,but here's what to do if it does
5 Ways to Protect Yourself (and Others) from Swine Flu
Experts say that the steps you should take to shield yourself from swine flu are not much different than those you might take to ward off seasonal flu.
1.Don't touch your face
Above all,keep your hands away from your eyes,mouth and nose,all of which serve as pathways for the virus to enter your respiratory tract,says Allison Aiello,an epidemiologist at the University of Michigan School of Public Health in Ann Arbor.
2.Wash your hands
If you must touch your face,scrub your hands,getting under the fingernails and inside all crevices,for 20 to 30 seconds with hot soap and water beforehand,Aiello says."In addition to dislodging dirt that may contain virus particles,soaps contain surfactants [the primary components of detergents] which can damage the lipid [fat] protecting virus particles," she explains.Soap should therefore be effective against all flu viruses.
3.Use a hand sanitizer
No sink nearby?Then use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer,Aiello advises.About a quarter-size spot,rubbed all over the hands until the sanitizer evaporates (usually 10 to 15 seconds),should do it.Alcohol can inactivate viruses by destroying the structure of their proteins,she notes.
4.Cover your nose and mouth
When someone sneezes or coughs,liquid droplets packing flu viruses can travel as far as three feet (one meter) through the air and descend on your nose or mouth,so it's best to maintain at least an arm's-length distance when talking to someone who shows signs of infection,says Louise Dembry,director of epidemiology at Yale–New Haven Hospital in Connecticut.And to protect others,cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when you cough or sneeze,and clean your hands afterward,she says,noting that viruses can remain infectious for hours,if not longer,when they linger on the skin or other surfaces such as keyboards and subway poles.
5.Consider buying a mask in case you need it in the future
From press photos,it seems that Mexico's entire population has donned surgical masks,but the verdict is still out on how effective they are in stemming the spread of flu,according to Aiello.Some research suggests that masks—either the surgical variety or respirators called N95's specially designed to filter out water droplets containing viruses—reduce the risk of contracting the flu or other respiratory pathogens by as much as 80 percent,but research by Aiello's team suggests that masks do little unless used in conjunction with diligent hand washing.
According to the U.S.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,there is "extremely limited" data on the effectiveness of face masks and respirators for blocking flu spread in communities.The agency suggests,however,that people consider using them when it's impossible to avoid "crowded settings or close contact with others" in areas where swine flu transmission has been confirmed:face masks for crowded places and respirators for situations that involve close contact with people who have respiratory infections (caring for a sick family member,for example).

Prevention of swine influenza has three components: prevention in swine, prevention of transmission to humans, and prevention of its spread among humans.
Prevention in swine
Methods of prevent...

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Prevention of swine influenza has three components: prevention in swine, prevention of transmission to humans, and prevention of its spread among humans.
Prevention in swine
Methods of preventing the spread of influenza among swine include facility management, herd management, and vaccination. Because much of the illness and death associated with swine flu involves secondary infection by other pathogens, control strategies that rely on vaccination may be insufficient.
Control of swine influenza by vaccination has become more difficult in recent decades, as the evolution of the virus has resulted in inconsistent responses to traditional vaccines. Standard commercial swine flu vaccines are effective in controlling the infection when the virus strains match enough to have significant cross-protection, and custom (autogenous) vaccines made from the specific viruses isolated are created and used in the more difficult cases.[70][71] Present vaccination strategies for SIV control and prevention in swine farms typically include the use of one of several bivalent SIV vaccines commercially available in the United States. Of the 97 recent H3N2 isolates examined, only 41 isolates had strong serologic cross-reactions with antiserum to three commercial SIV vaccines. Since the protective ability of influenza vaccines depends primarily on the closeness of the match between the vaccine virus and the epidemic virus, the presence of nonreactive H3N2 SIV variants suggests that current commercial vaccines might not effectively protect pigs from infection with a majority of H3N2 viruses.[72][73] The United States Department of Agriculture researchers say that while pig vaccination keeps pigs from getting sick, it does not block infection or shedding of the virus.[74]
Facility management includes using disinfectants and ambient temperature to control virus in the environment. The virus is unlikely to survive outside living cells for more than two weeks, except in cold (but above freezing) conditions, and it is readily inactivated by disinfectants.[2] Herd management includes not adding pigs carrying influenza to herds that have not been exposed to the virus. The virus survives in healthy carrier pigs for up to 3 months and can be recovered from them between outbreaks. Carrier pigs are usually responsible for the introduction of SIV into previously uninfected herds and countries, so new animals should be quarantined.[52] After an outbreak, as immunity in exposed pigs wanes, new outbreaks of the same strain can occur.[2]
Prevention in humans
Prevention of pig to human transmission

Swine can be infected by both avian and human influenza strains of influenza, and therefore are hosts where the antigenic shifts can occur that create new influenza strains.The transmission from swine to human is believed to occur mainly in swine farms where farmers are in close contact with live pigs. Although strains of swine influenza are usually not able to infect humans this may occasionally happen, so farmers and veterinarians are encouraged to use a face mask when dealing with infected animals. The use of vaccines on swine to prevent their infection is a major method of limiting swine to human transmission. Risk factors that may contribute to swine-to-human transmission include smoking and not wearing gloves when working with sick animals.[75]
Prevention of human to human transmission
Influenza spreads between humans through coughing or sneezing and people touching something with the virus on it and then touching their own nose or mouth.[76] Swine flu cannot be spread by pork products, since the virus is not transmitted through food.[76] The swine flu in humans is most contagious during the first five days of the illness although some people, most commonly children, can remain contagious for up to ten days. Diagnosis can be made by sending a specimen, collected during the first five days for analysis.[77]
Recommendations to prevent spread of the virus among humans include using standard infection control against influenza. This includes frequent washing of hands with soap and water or with alcohol-based hand sanitizers, especially after being out in public.[78] Chance of transmission is also reduced by disinfecting household surfaces, which can be done effectively with a diluted chlorine bleach solution.[79] Although the current trivalent influenza vaccine is unlikely to provide protection against the new 2009 H1N1 strain,[80] vaccines against the new strain are being developed and could be ready as early as June 2009.[81]
Experts agree that hand-washing can help prevent viral infections, including ordinary influenza and the swine flu virus. Influenza can spread in coughs or sneezes, but an increasing body of evidence shows small droplets containing the virus can linger on tabletops, telephones and other surfaces and be transferred via the fingers to the mouth, nose or eyes. Alcohol-based gel or foam hand sanitizers work well to destroy viruses and bacteria. Anyone with flu-like symptoms such as a sudden fever, cough or muscle aches should stay away from work or public transportation and should contact a doctor for advice.

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Prevention of swine influenza has three components: prevention in swine, prevention of transmission to humans, and prevention of its spread among humans.
Prevention in swine
Methods of prevent...

全部展开

Prevention of swine influenza has three components: prevention in swine, prevention of transmission to humans, and prevention of its spread among humans.
Prevention in swine
Methods of preventing the spread of influenza among swine include facility management, herd management, and vaccination. Because much of the illness and death associated with swine flu involves secondary infection by other pathogens, control strategies that rely on vaccination may be insufficient.
Control of swine influenza by vaccination has become more difficult in recent decades, as the evolution of the virus has resulted in inconsistent responses to traditional vaccines. Standard commercial swine flu vaccines are effective in controlling the infection when the virus strains match enough to have significant cross-protection, and custom (autogenous) vaccines made from the specific viruses isolated are created and used in the more difficult cases.[70][71] Present vaccination strategies for SIV control and prevention in swine farms typically include the use of one of several bivalent SIV vaccines commercially available in the United States. Of the 97 recent H3N2 isolates examined, only 41 isolates had strong serologic cross-reactions with antiserum to three commercial SIV vaccines. Since the protective ability of influenza vaccines depends primarily on the closeness of the match between the vaccine virus and the epidemic virus, the presence of nonreactive H3N2 SIV variants suggests that current commercial vaccines might not effectively protect pigs from infection with a majority of H3N2 viruses.[72][73] The United States Department of Agriculture researchers say that while pig vaccination keeps pigs from getting sick, it does not block infection or shedding of the virus.[74]
Facility management includes using disinfectants and ambient temperature to control virus in the environment. The virus is unlikely to survive outside living cells for more than two weeks, except in cold (but above freezing) conditions, and it is readily inactivated by disinfectants.[2] Herd management includes not adding pigs carrying influenza to herds that have not been exposed to the virus. The virus survives in healthy carrier pigs for up to 3 months and can be recovered from them between outbreaks. Carrier pigs are usually responsible for the introduction of SIV into previously uninfected herds and countries, so new animals should be quarantined.[52] After an outbreak, as immunity in exposed pigs wanes, new outbreaks of the same strain can occur.[2]
Prevention in humans
Prevention of pig to human transmission

Swine can be infected by both avian and human influenza strains of influenza, and therefore are hosts where the antigenic shifts can occur that create new influenza strains.The transmission from swine to human is believed to occur mainly in swine farms where farmers are in close contact with live pigs. Although strains of swine influenza are usually not able to infect humans this may occasionally happen, so farmers and veterinarians are encouraged to use a face mask when dealing with infected animals. The use of vaccines on swine to prevent their infection is a major method of limiting swine to human transmission. Risk factors that may contribute to swine-to-human transmission include smoking and not wearing gloves when working with sick animals.[75]
Prevention of human to human transmission
Influenza spreads between humans through coughing or sneezing and people touching something with the virus on it and then touching their own nose or mouth.[76] Swine flu cannot be spread by pork products, since the virus is not transmitted through food.[76] The swine flu in humans is most contagious during the first five days of the illness although some people, most commonly children, can remain contagious for up to ten days. Diagnosis can be made by sending a specimen, collected during the first five days for analysis.[77]
Recommendations to prevent spread of the virus among humans include using standard infection control against influenza. This includes frequent washing of hands with soap and water or with alcohol-based hand sanitizers, especially after being out in public.[78] Chance of transmission is also reduced by disinfecting household surfaces, which can be done effectively with a diluted chlorine bleach solution.[79] Although the current trivalent influenza vaccine is unlikely to provide protection against the new 2009 H1N1 strain,[80] vaccines against the new strain are being developed and could be ready as early as June 2009.[81]
Experts agree that hand-washing can help prevent viral infections, including ordinary influenza and the swine flu virus. Influenza can spread in coughs or sneezes, but an increasing body of evidence shows small droplets containing the virus can linger on tabletops, telephones and other surfaces and be transferred via the fingers to the mouth, nose or eyes. Alcohol-based gel or foam hand sanitizers work well to destroy viruses and bacteria. Anyone with flu-like symptoms such as a sudden fever, cough or muscle aches should stay away from work or public transportation and should contact a doctor for advice.
Social distancing is another tactic. It means staying away from other people who might be infected and can include avoiding large gatherings, spreading out a little at work, or perhaps staying home and lying low if an infection is spreading in a community. Public health and other responsible authorities have action plans which may request or require social distancing actions depending on the severity of the outbreak.

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